Cerebral malaria — a severe form of illness that can lead to brain damage, long-term neurological deficits, and death

On World Malaria Day 2019 National Institute of Health
has said, “NIAID researchers also are working on a vaccine designed to
block transmission of the malaria parasite from infected humans to
mosquitoes.”

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
conducts and supports research — at NIH, throughout the United States, and
worldwide — to study the causes of infectious and immune-mediated diseases, and
to develop better means of preventing, diagnosing and treating these illnesses.

Lee Hall, M.D., Ph.D., is chief of the Parasitology
and International Programs Branch in the NIAID Division of Microbiology and
Infectious Diseases. Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., is Director of the National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of
Health in Bethesda, Maryland.

Statement of B.F. (Lee) Hall, M.D., Ph.D., and Anthony
S. Fauci, M.D., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is as
follows –

Eliminating malaria — one of the world’s oldest and
deadliest diseases — remains a critically important public health and
biomedical research challenge. Despite remarkable advances in reducing malaria
incidence and deaths since 2000, recent progress has become stagnant and has
even reversed in some regions. The World Health Organization (link is external)
(WHO) estimates that in 2017 about 219 million cases of malaria occurred
worldwide and approximately 435,000 people died of the disease. Unfortunately, malaria
cases increased from 2016 to 2017 in the 10 highest-burden countries in Africa,
and the number of cases per 1,000 in populations at risk remained at 59 from
2015 to 2017.

Today, the National Institutes of Health recognizes World Malaria Day and commits to a reinvigorated malaria research program. This year’s World Malaria Day theme, “Zero malaria starts with me,” encourages governments, companies, academic institutions, philanthropies, and others to prioritize malaria, mobilize resources, and empower communities affected by malaria to lead and coordinate response activities.

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of NIH, is working toward “zero malaria” with coordinated global research projects to better understand the disease, improve diagnostics, treatments, and mosquito control interventions, and develop safe and effective vaccines.

NIAID works directly with scientists in malaria-endemic regions to build specialized local clinical research capacity. The NIAID-supported International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) program has more than 50 field sites in 17 endemic countries dedicated to multidisciplinary research on the complex interactions between the human host, mosquito vectors, and malaria parasites.

ICEMR investigators share genomic and epidemiological data for parasites, mosquitoes, and human hosts through public databases such as PlasmoDB (link is external), VectorBase (link is external), and ClinEpiDB (link is external) to assist researchers in developing drugs, vaccines and diagnostics, and in improving public health programs.

ICEMR researchers are studying how the malaria-causing
parasite adapts to antimalarial drug pressure and how that translates to the
emergence and spread of drug resistance. Resistance to artemisinin drugs, used
in most endemic areas, is emerging in Southeast Asia and appears to be
spreading west. The ICEMRs are evaluating how asymptomatic malaria infections
may contribute to persistent disease transmission and risk. Investigators also
are studying how the behavior of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes is changing in
response to insecticide use and environmental and ecosystem changes.

NIAID investigators and NIAID-supported scientists are
helping to inform treatment policies in various countries by tracking genetic
mutations in malaria parasites that indicate resistance to certain drugs. A
team of experts recently identified a molecular marker of resistance to
piperaquine (a combination therapy drug) in Cambodia (link is external) using
publicly available genome sequence data.

Another international research team supported by NIAID
created mutated versions of nearly all of the 5,400 Plasmodium falciparum (P.
falciparum) parasite genes to determine which of the organism’s genes are
essential to growth and survival. The information will help investigators
prioritize targets for future antimalarial drug development. One
investigational drug being evaluated, DM1157, is a modified form of the
antimalarial drug chloroquine. Similar to chloroquine, it interferes with the
malaria parasite’s metabolism; however, it inhibits the parasite’s ability to
expel the drug, thereby avoiding the drug resistance seen with chloroquine. A
Phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate the drug’s safety began in September 2018.

Cerebral malaria — a severe form of illness that can
lead to brain damage, long-term neurological deficits, and death — remains a
significant problem in sub-Saharan Africa. ICEMR investigators and their
collaborators identified brain swelling as a potential contributor to the high
mortality rate among children in Malawi with cerebral malaria. A clinical trial
is underway to assess whether measures to reduce brain swelling can improve
treatment outcomes. ICEMR investigators in India are studying whether the same
findings are seen in adults with cerebral malaria, while NIAID researchers are
working to develop novel adjunctive cerebral malaria treatments.

Certain populations, such as pregnant women, are at
higher risk of developing severe disease upon contracting malaria.
NIAID-supported researchers in Malawi recently found that administering the
drug chloroquine as a weekly chemoprophylaxis (link is external) may prevent
malaria in pregnancy. NIAID-supported scientists also found that children with
high levels of maternal antibodies to the malaria antigen PfSEA-1 at birth have
decreased risk of severe malaria during infancy.

NIAID also supports the development of various
investigational malaria vaccines. The Institute has conducted and supported
multiple early-stage clinical trials of PfSPZ, a candidate malaria vaccine made
of weakened immature malaria parasites. It is designed to prevent malaria
infection and is now being evaluated in multiple clinical trials in malaria
endemic regions, including in infants and children. Another candidate vaccine
based on a recombinant protein is currently in a Phase 1 clinical trial.

NIAID researchers also are working on a vaccine
designed to block transmission of the malaria parasite from infected humans to
mosquitoes. Although a transmission-blocking vaccine would not prevent malaria
infection, by limiting further spread it could reduce new malaria infections
over time. Results from a clinical trial in Mali indicate that the
investigational vaccine, when formulated with an immunity-boosting adjuvant,
shows promise. Plans are underway to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine in a
Phase 2 clinical trial in Mali.

NIAID scientists recently developed a monoclonal
antibody from a person vaccinated with PfSPZ that potentially could be used for
seasonal control and elimination efforts as well as by tourists, health care
workers, and military personnel to prevent malaria infection. A trial
evaluating the antibody’s safety and efficacy against a controlled human
malaria infection (human challenge study) is planned for early 2020. NIAID
experts also are collaborating with Malian scientists to discover additional
broadly protective monoclonal antibodies.

Although recent data indicate that malaria control
efforts may have stalled, numerous historical examples indicate that with
enough commitment and ingenuity malaria elimination can be achieved, even after
significant setbacks. NIAID-supported investigators, researchers and their
collaborators are accelerating progress toward malaria elimination every day.
On this World Malaria Day, we reaffirm our commitment to advancing the best
research to reach our goal of “zero malaria.”